Peking University Third Hospital (PKU Third Affiliated Hospital)

The postpartum/pelvic floor rehabilitation function at Peking University Third Hospital is undertaken by the Pelvic Floor Specialty Group of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and is not an independent department. The specialty group, with Professor Han Jinsong as its academic founder and Professor Wang Yiting as its clinical backbone, is the China Women's Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Prevention and Treatment Project Screening and Prevention Center (established in 2017) and the Beijing Women's Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Prevention and Treatment Project Diagnosis, Treatment and Training Center (established in 2015). The specialty group focuses on pelvic floor electrophysiological assessment and individualized rehabilitation, specializing in postpartum holistic rehabilitation, rapid postoperative rehabilitation, and vulvar leukoplakia assessment and treatment. It is positioned as a core technology output and talent training base for the three-tiered service network for the prevention and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction in Beijing.

Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance:

The Pelvic Floor Specialty Group of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Peking University Third Hospital was founded under the leadership of Professor Han Jingsong. Professor Han graduated from Peking University Health Science Center in 1976 and serves as a member of the Pelvic Floor Group of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and a member of the first committee of the Gynecologic Oncology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. He presided over the key project of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" National Science and Technology Support Program, "Clinical Research and Diagnosis and Treatment of Female Pelvic Floor Disorders". The project "Accurate Diagnosis and Personalized Treatment of Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction", led by Professor Han's team, won the second prize of the 3rd Maternal and Child Health Science and Technology Award in 2019. In 2017, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Peking University Third Hospital established the Pelvic Floor Electrophysiology Group, headed by Professor Wang Yiting, to conduct assessments and individualized treatments for diseases such as pelvic organ prolapse, urinary dysfunction, rapid postoperative recovery, postpartum overall recovery, and vulvar leukoplakia.

Core business operational efficiency:

Since launching pelvic floor rehabilitation treatment in 2011, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology has screened over 10,000 patients and treated over 68,000. Pelvic floor rehabilitation education has also been integrated into prenatal health education programs. The Maternal and Child Health Center, established in 2014, includes postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation treatment. In 2015, Peking University Third Hospital became one of the first medical institutions designated by the Beijing Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission to conduct a special project on the prevention and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction in women, and was designated as the screening center, prevention center, treatment center, and training center for the Beijing Women's Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Prevention and Treatment Project. In 2017, it was awarded the title of Prevention and Treatment Center and Screening Center for the China Women's Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Prevention and Treatment Project. Professor Wang Yiting has obtained pelvic floor rehabilitation qualifications: European Level 1 and Level 2 certificates.

Discipline Positioning and Benchmarking:

It is the Beijing Women's Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Prevention and Treatment Project Diagnosis, Treatment and Training Center, and the China Women's Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Prevention and Treatment Project Screening and Prevention Center. Professor Han Jingsong's team uses dynamic and static MRI as a novel diagnostic tool, improving the accuracy of diagnosing pelvic floor defects, developing individualized surgical plans, reducing unnecessary mesh addition surgeries, lowering postoperative recurrence rates, and improving patient satisfaction. The professional group holds a leading position in Beijing in the accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction, and serves as a core technology output and talent training base for Beijing's three-tiered pelvic floor dysfunction prevention and treatment service network.

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The Department of Traumatic Orthopedics at Peking University Third Hospital is one of the earliest comprehensive hospitals in China specializing in the treatment of traumatic orthopedics. In 1999, under the advocacy of Professor Dang Gengting, the Traumatic Orthopedics Specialty Group was formally established. The department's hallmark strengths lie in minimally invasive treatment of complex limb fractures and a multidisciplinary treatment system for severe and multiple traumas. It features 3D-printed bone defect repair and reconstruction as a cutting-edge technology. Its capabilities were tested during the medical support for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. It is positioned as a core unit of Beijing's first comprehensive hospital trauma center and a national demonstration hub for the integration of medicine and engineering in traumatic orthopedics. The department sees 25,000 outpatient and emergency patients annually, and its fracture treatment level is among the leading in China among comprehensive hospitals.

Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance:

Since its founding in 1958, the treatment of bone trauma has been a central focus of the Department of Orthopedics at Peking University Third Hospital. In the early 1990s, the department was among the first in China to implement minimally invasive fracture treatment using interlocking intramedullary nails. In June 1999, under the guidance of Professor Dang Gengting, the Traumatic Orthopedics Specialty Group was formally established, making Peking University Third Hospital one of the earliest comprehensive hospitals in China with specialized trauma orthopedic treatment capabilities. Professor Zhou Fang, as the founder and first leader of the Trauma Specialty Group, returned to China in 1993 after obtaining his medical license in the UK and completing his chief residency in orthopedics. Facing a situation where he had no staff, he led the team, starting with routine surgeries and gradually expanding to various complex procedures, ultimately enabling the Third Affiliated Hospital's Trauma Department to achieve a leading position in the field. The "Four Tigers" of Trauma—Zhou Fang, Tian Yun, Ji Hongquan, and Zhang Zhishan—paved the way, laying the professional foundation for the discipline. The department's culture is encapsulated in the orthopedic motto: "High Morality and Benevolent Skill, Seeking Truth and Pioneering Innovation."

Core business operational efficiency:

All members of the Traumatic Orthopedics Specialty Group hold MD degrees and have received rigorous, systematic, and advanced training in trauma orthopedics both domestically and internationally. The group currently comprises 3 chief physicians, 1 associate chief physician, and 2 attending physicians. Professor Zhou Fang has extensive expertise in the treatment of complex limb fractures, spinal cord injuries, and complex multiple injuries, having published over 200 papers, edited or translated 8 books, and obtained over 20 national patents. Professor Tian Yun, as the director of the Traumatic Orthopedics subspecialty, has led over 10 research projects, including 1 key research and development project funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology and 3 projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and has published over 60 SCI articles. The department performs a considerable number of surgeries annually, relying on the orthopedic platform of Taipei Third Hospital, with over 14,000 surgeries and over 200,000 outpatient and emergency visits per year.

Discipline Positioning and Benchmarking:

It is a core component of the National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project of the National Health Commission, the Innovation Team of the Ministry of Education, the Engineering Research Center of Precision Medicine for Bone and Joints of the Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Spinal Diseases Research in Beijing, and the Beijing Clinical Medical Research Center for Orthopedic Diseases. In 2019, it ranked first in the national STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) rankings for hospital surgery. Professor Zhou Fang serves as the first Chairman of the Orthopedic Trauma Medicine Branch of the China Medical Promotion Association, a member of the Trauma Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and a lecturer of the International Association for Internal Fixation (AO). In 2014, the Trauma Center of Peking University Third Hospital was officially established. It is the first trauma center in a comprehensive hospital in Beijing. It brings together 13 specialties, including orthopedics, neurosurgery, general surgery, thoracic surgery, and emergency medicine, and implements a multidisciplinary collaborative treatment model, which has reduced the mortality rate of multiple injuries by 50%.

Core Positioning: A core subspecialty of orthopedics at Peking University Third Hospital, a national key clinical specialty, and a benchmark for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal diseases in China. It integrates radical surgical treatment, minimally invasive techniques, 3D-printed digital orthopedics, MDT multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment, and translational medicine for spinal degeneration, spinal tumors, spinal deformities, spinal trauma, and spinal cord injuries. It benchmarks against international standards such as AO Spine and Johns Hopkins Spine Center, and is internationally leading in techniques such as thoracic fossa collapse ring decompression, total vertebral resection for spinal tumors, 3D-printed personalized spinal prostheses, and digital orthopedic techniques for congenital cervical deformities.

Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance:

The Department of Orthopedics at Peking University Third Hospital was established in 1958. Since its inception, it has been treating spinal diseases and is one of the earliest units in China to conduct research on cervical spondylosis. It has performed nearly 20,000 cervical spine surgeries, forming the most comprehensive and scientific cervical spondylosis diagnosis and treatment system in the country. In the 1990s, a spinal surgery group was established, pioneering the further refinement of spinal surgery in China by establishing specialized groups for lumbar spine, cervical spine, cranial spine, and deformities. The department's culture is encapsulated in the motto "Virtue, Benevolence, Skill, Truth-Seeking, and Innovation," upholding the fine tradition of mentoring and guiding, and emphasizing the simultaneous development of medical treatment, education, and research.

Core business operational efficiency:

The Department of Orthopedics performs nearly 15,000 surgeries annually, and the Department of Spinal Surgery performs nearly 9,000 surgeries annually, with over 100,000 outpatient visits per year. The Spinal Surgery Group currently has 6 professors/chief physicians (4 doctoral supervisors), 4 associate chief physicians, and 7 attending physicians. They have received funding for numerous projects, including National Key Research and Development Programs and National Natural Science Foundation of China grants, totaling over 66 million RMB. They have published over 340 papers (115 SCI papers) and 21 monographs. The Cranial Spine Group has completed over 4,000 atlantoaxial surgeries, making it the world's largest treatment center for atlantoaxial diseases. The Cervical Spine Group is currently the largest cervical spine disease treatment center in China, performing over 2,000 surgeries annually.

Discipline Positioning and Benchmarking:

It is a National Key Clinical Specialty (Orthopedics), a Ministry of Education Innovation Team (one of the few clinical disciplines in China to receive this title in 2007), and the Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine of Bone and Joint. In the 2017-2021 Academic Year, Orthopedics ranked third in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Academic Science and Technology Evaluation (ASTEM) rankings. Professor Chen Zhongqiang pioneered the posterior thoracic transarticular spinal cord ventral decompression surgery for the treatment of thoracic and lumbar disc herniation, and the selective localized annular decompression combined with kyphosis reduction surgery for the treatment of multi-segmental ossification of the thoracic longitudinal ligament; Professor Liu Xiaoguang pioneered the "culvert collapse method" 360-degree thoracic spinal cord annular decompression surgery. In 2014, Professor Liu Zhongjun completed the world's first case of treating spinal tumors using a 3D-printed, custom-made vertebral column. Professor Li Weishi was the first in China to propose the fitting relationship of sagittal parameters of the spine and pelvis and a personalized treatment strategy.

The Department of Joint Surgery at Peking University Third Hospital is one of the earliest centers in China to establish a joint surgery specialty. Founded in 1991 by renowned orthopedic surgeon Professor Lou Siquan, the joint surgery group is a core subspecialty of the National Key Clinical Specialty (Orthopedics). The department's landmark original achievement is its digital diagnosis and treatment technology system for hip and knee joint replacement. It leads the way in robotic-assisted joint replacement and revision surgery, and its 3D-printed biological revision prostheses represent an internationally pioneering technological breakthrough. It is positioned as the source of digital and intelligent transformation in Chinese joint surgery and a demonstration hub for precision joint replacement technology. The department performs over 1800 joint replacement surgeries annually, holding a significant academic position in the field of joint surgery in China.

Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance:

Founded in 1958, the Department of Orthopedics at Peking University Third Hospital is one of the birthplaces of orthopedic medical treatment, teaching, and research in my country. In the 1960s and 70s, under the leadership of Professor Zhang Zhihu, then Director of the Department of Orthopedics, joint replacement technology was pioneered in China. In 1985, the department was among the first in the country to perform knee joint replacement surgery, becoming one of the earliest centers in China to perform this technique. In 1991, the renowned orthopedic scientist Professor Lou Siquan established the Joint Surgery Specialty Group, making it one of the earliest centers in China to establish a joint surgery specialty. Subsequently, Professor Zhang Ke served as the second leader of the Joint Surgery Specialty Group, leading the team to achieve a rapid increase in the number of knee and hip joint replacements at a rate of over 20% annually. In 2018, the hospital deepened its institutional reform and formally established the Department of Orthopedic Joint Surgery, with Professor Tian Hua serving as its Director.

Core business operational efficiency:

The Department of Joint Surgery currently has 11 doctors, including 5 chief physicians, 3 associate chief physicians, and 3 attending physicians. All doctors have experience in overseas advanced training and study, and the department boasts an excellent nursing team that has been awarded the title of "Excellent Nursing Ward." The annual number of total joint replacement surgeries has exceeded 1,800, and a large number of complex and revision cases have been completed. More than 100 research papers have been published, and more than 10 orthopedic monographs have been translated or authored. The department regularly holds joint replacement training courses and international forums, which have trained more than 2,000 joint surgeons.

Discipline Positioning and Benchmarking:

It is a national key clinical specialty, a Ministry of Education innovation team, and a core subspecialty of the Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine of Bone and Joint. Professor Tian Hua's team's project, "Development and Application of Key Technologies for Digital Diagnosis and Treatment of Hip and Knee Joint Replacement," won the first prize of the 2024 Beijing Medical Science and Technology Award, establishing the first domestic digital diagnosis and treatment key technology and application system covering the entire chain of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative hip and knee joint replacement surgery. Professor Zhang Ke pioneered the application of compression bone grafting technology to treat hip joint defects in China, mastered shoulder, elbow, and ankle joint replacement techniques, and in 1996, he pioneered arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in China. In terms of international benchmarking, my country's first 3D-printed human implant—the 3D-printed artificial hip joint product—was developed in collaboration with the team of doctors Zhang Ke, Liu Zhongjun, and Cai Hong from the Department of Orthopedics at Peking University Third Hospital and Aikon Medical. It received CFDA registration approval in 2015 and is the first 3D-printed artificial hip prosthesis in the world to obtain registration after clinical verification.

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The Department of Sports Medicine at Peking University Third Hospital (Peking University Institute of Sports Medicine), founded in January 1959 by Professor Qu Mianyu, the "founder of sports medicine in China," is the earliest and only comprehensive sports medicine research institute in China integrating precision medicine, education, scientific research, and on-site services. It is a national key clinical specialty and the only athlete injury prevention and treatment center designated by the Chinese Olympic Committee and the General Administration of Sport of China. With arthroscopic minimally invasive techniques as its core diagnostic and treatment method, it is characterized by precise repair of sports injuries and return to sports, and leads internationally in shoulder and elbow joint sports injuries and hip arthroscopic minimally invasive surgery. It is positioned as the "national team" of sports medicine in China and one of the most influential sports medicine centers globally. It has retained its top position in the sports medicine specialty category in the Fudan University version of the China Hospital Specialty Reputation Ranking.

Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance:

In 1959, Professor Qu Mianyu founded China's first Sports Medicine Research Institute, starting with only 10 beds. During his service to teams, Professor Qu invented the "ankle support belt taping technique," effectively preventing Achilles tendon ruptures in gymnasts. Professor Tian Dexiang, serving as the "grandpa team doctor," accompanied the team to four Olympic Games, providing support to countless athletes including Li Xiaoshuang, Liu Xiang, Zhao Hongbo, and Feng Kun. Professor Ao Yingfang served as the first chairman of the Sports Medicine Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Professor Wang Jianquan is currently the chairman of the Sports Medicine Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. The institute currently has 60 senior professionals, 10 doctoral supervisors, 15 master's supervisors, one person who is a young top-notch talent in the "Ten Thousand Talents Program" of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, and four people who have won the title of Beijing Science and Technology Star.

Core business operational efficiency:

The number of inpatient beds has grown from 5 at the beginning of the hospital to 166 at present. In 2024, the number of outpatient visits reached more than 210,000, and the number of surgeries reached more than 16,000 (16,193 surgeries in 2024, an increase of 14.2%). The average length of stay was 3.41 days, and all medical data ranked first in the country. Since 1959, the institute's leaders and key personnel from various specialties have been committed to serving the local communities, covering 36 sports training bases of all sizes under the State General Administration of Sport and provincial sports bureaus, serving approximately 15,000 athletes and coaches per year; and providing hospitalization and surgical treatment for major sports injuries to approximately 300 key professional athletes per year, including approximately 50-60 high-level athletes who have won international and national championships per year.

Discipline Positioning and Benchmarking:

It is a national key clinical specialty, covering four professional directions: sports injury, sports rehabilitation, sports nutrition, and medical supervision. It also has four clinical subspecialties: knee, shoulder and elbow, hip, and foot and ankle surgery, comprising 10 clinical diagnosis and treatment platforms and 5 teaching and research platforms. As the largest endoscopic (orthopedic) diagnosis and treatment technology training base in China and an arthroscopic physician training college accredited by the Chinese Medical Association, it receives over 200 domestic and international trainees annually, covering 34 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities across China, including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. In terms of international benchmarking, in 2021, the number of SCI publications related to hip arthroscopy at Peking University Third Hospital surpassed that of the Hospital for Special Surgery (HHS) in New York, ranking first in the world; Professor Wang Jianquan, as the conference chairman, hosted the Second Asian Hip Arthroscopy Conference, which significantly enhanced China's international academic influence in this field.

The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Peking University Third Hospital is the National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecological Diseases, a National Key Clinical Specialty in Gynecology and Obstetrics, and the National Center for Quality Control of Obstetric Medical Services. It is the birthplace of China's first in-vitro fertilized baby (1988) and the world's first in-vitro fertilized baby with high-precision embryo genetic diagnosis. The department's flagship strength lies in reproductive medicine (consistently ranking first in both comprehensive and reputational aspects of "Reproductive Medicine" in the Fudan University ranking of Chinese hospitals), with high-risk pregnancies and critical maternal care as its clinical cornerstone, and minimally invasive gynecological tumor treatment and comprehensive diagnosis and treatment as important pillars. It is positioned as a core source of clinical research and translational medicine in obstetrics and gynecology in China, and a national center for the diagnosis and treatment of complex and critical maternal and child health issues. It ranked first in the 2023 China Hospital Science and Technology Evaluation (STEM) ranking for Obstetrics and Gynecology, and second in the five-year total science and technology evaluation (ASTEM) ranking from 2019 to 2023.

Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance:

Since its establishment in 1958, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology has grown and developed under the leadership of senior experts, including Professor Zhang Lizhu, known as the "Mother of In-Vitro Fertilization Babies in China." In 1988, the first in-vitro fertilized baby in mainland China was born here. After Academician Qiao Jie took over as the discipline leader, he successfully applied basic research results to preimplantation genetic diagnosis, leading his team to win two second-class National Science and Technology Progress Awards (as the first author), and in 2023, he won the second-class National Natural Science Award as the first author. The discipline has always adhered to the principles of "innovation, progress, unity, and inheritance."

Core business operational efficiency:

The department currently has over 300 staff members, including 79 with doctoral degrees, 31 with senior professional titles, 47 with associate senior professional titles, 11 doctoral supervisors, and 7 master's supervisors. It sees over 300,000 outpatient and emergency patients annually, performs over 6,000 deliveries annually, and conducts over 5,000 surgeries annually. The department boasts national-level platforms such as the National Key Laboratory for Female Fertility Promotion (approved in 2023), the Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, and the National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Discipline Positioning and Benchmarking:

It is the National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (approved in 2014), the National Center for Quality Control of Obstetrics Professional Medicine, a key discipline of the Ministry of Education, and one of the first batch of key disciplines in the 211 Project. Academician Qiao Jie serves as the Vice President of the Chinese Medical Association and the President of the Chinese Women Doctors Association. She previously served as the Chairman of the Third Committee of the Reproductive Medicine Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the First Chairman of the Reproductive Medicine Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association. In the Fudan University version of the China Hospital Specialty Ranking, it has consistently ranked first in both comprehensive and reputational rankings for "Reproductive Medicine." In the STEM rankings, Obstetrics and Gynecology has been among the top ten for ten consecutive years, ranking first in 2023.

The Department of Reproductive Medicine at Peking University Third Hospital is the birthplace and leader of assisted reproductive technology in mainland China. It is the birthplace of China's first IVF baby (1988) and the world's first IVF baby conceived using high-precision embryo genetic diagnosis. The department is a national key discipline and a national key clinical specialty. Relying on the National Key Laboratory for Female Fertility Promotion, the National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, it is characterized by its strengths in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and fertility preservation. Its core competencies lie in the diagnosis and treatment of complex infertility and its assisted reproductive technology system, positioning it as one of the world's largest and most comprehensive reproductive medicine centers. In the Fudan University version of the China Hospital Specialty Ranking, it has consistently ranked first in the overall and specialty reputation of "Reproductive Medicine" and first in Obstetrics and Gynecology in the China Hospital Science and Technology Evaluation (STEM) Ranking.

Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance:

The discipline was founded in 1988 by Professor Zhang Lizhu, known as the "Mother of IVF Babies in China," where the first IVF baby in mainland China was born. Professor Zhang, in a small IVF room of less than 100 square meters, faced the challenge of scarce equipment—all instruments had to be thoroughly washed, and reagents had to be prepared in-house—and led her team to achieve a breakthrough from scratch. After Academician Qiao Jie took over as the discipline leader, he successfully applied the basic research findings to preimplantation genetic diagnosis, leading the team to win three second-class National Science and Technology Progress Awards (2009, 2011, 2017) and the second-class National Natural Science Award in 2023—the first second-class National Natural Science Award won by Peking University Third Hospital since its founding. Professor Li Rong, the current head of the discipline, is a recipient of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars. She led her team to systematically elucidate the pathogenesis of several common reproductive endocrine diseases for the first time in the world, achieving several breakthroughs "from 0 to 1".

Core business operational efficiency:

The department has cumulatively completed over 7 million outpatient reproductive health consultations and over 300,000 assisted reproductive technology (ART) surgeries. Currently, it provides over 600,000 ART and related medical services annually, with over 10,000 healthy babies born each year. As a national referral center for complex infertility cases, over half of the patients with complex conditions come from outside the province. The team includes one academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, one Changjiang Scholar Professor, and five recipients of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, and is a National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Innovative Research Group. It has spearheaded 141 large-scale specialized disease trials and multi-center clinical trials, and led the development of 65 standards, clinical guidelines and industry consensuses; it has been granted 153 domestic and international patents, 69 of which have been commercialized, with a commercialization value of RMB 167.15 million and industrialization economic benefits of RMB 210 million.

Discipline Positioning and Benchmarking:

It is a national key discipline and a national key clinical specialty (approved in 2023), the leading unit of the National Expert Group for Quality Management of Assisted Reproductive Technology, and the Beijing Human Assisted Reproductive Technology Quality Control and Improvement Center. It relies on national-level platforms such as the National Key Laboratory for Promoting Female Fertility (approved in 2023), the National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (approved in 2014), and the Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction of the Ministry of Education (approved in 2010). Internationally, in 2026, as the host of the 15th Asia-Pacific Society for Reproductive Medicine Annual Meeting (ASPIRE 2026), it will host 11 groups of visitors from 32 institutions in 10 countries worldwide, showcasing the achievements of China's reproductive medicine development. Professor Li Rong has been appointed as the incoming chairman of the Reproductive Medicine Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the vice president of the Asia Pacific Reproductive Medicine Association.