Cardio-Cerebrovascular

Disease Introduction Heart failure, commonly known as angina, is a clinical syndrome characterized by a decline in the heart's pumping function, resulting in an inability to meet the body's blood supply needs. Typical symptoms include shortness of breath after exertion, nocturnal awakening with dyspnea, lower extremity edema, and fatigue. The general principle of treatment is to start medication as early and in a standardized manner to reduce the burden on the heart, based on the "new quadruple therapy" o

Disease Introduction Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormalities in the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat, commonly including atrial fibrillation, premature beats, bradycardia, and conduction block. In atrial fibrillation, the atria fibrillate erratically, making it easier for blood clots to form in the left atrial appendage; if these clots break off, they can cause a stroke. Slow conduction can cause dizziness, blurred vision, or even syncope. The general principles of treatment are to manage the rhythm, prevent

Disease Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, leading to narrowing or blockage of the lumen and insufficient blood supply to the myocardium. Typical symptoms include chest tightness and pain (angina) after exertion. Plaque rupture and thrombus formation can trigger acute myocardial infarction. The general principles of treatment are to open the blood vessels, stabilize the plaques, and control lipids in the long term: mild cases requi

Disease Introduction Here, "heart disease" is a broad term, referring to the comprehensive management of organic heart disease and common cardiovascular diseases, including hypertensive heart disease, coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Patients often present with chest tightness, chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, and decreased exercise tolerance. The general principles of treatment are early screening and diagnosis, standardized control of risk

Disease Introduction Pulmonary vascular disease mainly refers to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), which are diseases characterized by narrowing of pulmonary vessels, abnormally high pulmonary circulation pressure, and progressively increasing burden on the right heart. Typical symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and cyanosis of the lips after exertion; in advanced stages, it can lead to right heart failure. The general principle of

Disease Introduction Major vascular diseases, including aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm, are critical conditions involving tearing or bulging of the aortic wall. Typical symptoms include sudden, sharp, stabbing chest, back, or abdominal pain. Rupture of these conditions carries an extremely high mortality rate and often requires emergency treatment. The general principle of treatment is to control blood pressure and heart rate as quickly as possible, selecting minimally invasive endovascular repair

Disease Introduction Heart valve disease is a condition where the valves either fail to close properly (regurgitation) or fail to open properly (stenosis), leading to abnormal blood flow and increased workload on the heart. The most common causes are aortic stenosis and mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. Typical symptoms include chest tightness, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing after exertion, and lower extremity edema. The general principle of treatment is early detection and assessment, with t

Disease Introduction Mitral regurgitation is an incomplete closure of the "valve" between the left atrium and left ventricle, causing blood to flow back into the atrium during cardiac contraction. Early symptoms may be asymptomatic, gradually progressing to shortness of breath on exertion, chest tightness, nocturnal awakenings with dyspnea, leg swelling, and fatigue. It is classified into primary (due to valvular disease itself) and secondary (due to cardiac enlargement or atrial fibrillation causing valv

Disease Introduction Mitral valve repair is a type of cardiac surgery or interventional technique that "fixes the valve rather than replaces it." It addresses regurgitation caused by mitral valve prolapse, chordae tendineae rupture, or annular dilatation. By trimming the excessively long leaflets, loosening the annulus, and suturing or implanting artificial chordae tendineae, the valve is restored to a tight seal. It can be performed surgically via open-chest, thoracoscopic, or robotic approaches, or via

Disease Introduction Major vascular diseases, including aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm, are critical conditions involving tearing or bulging of the aortic wall. Typical symptoms include sudden, sharp, stabbing chest, back, or abdominal pain. Rupture of these conditions carries an extremely high mortality rate and often requires emergency treatment. The general principle of treatment is to control blood pressure and heart rate as quickly as possible, selecting minimally invasive endovascular repair