Myelitis spectrum disorders (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder NMOSD, etc.) Treatment in China

Condition Guide

About Myelitis spectrum disorders (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder NMOSD, etc.)

Understand the condition, common triggers and treatment options that may require specialist assessment.

Disease Introduction

Neuromyelitis spectrum optica disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, often caused by the production of anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG) that mistakenly attack the optic nerve and spinal cord. Symptoms include decreased vision, numbness and weakness in the limbs, hiccups and vomiting, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Recurrent attacks can lead to blindness or paralysis. The disease is more common in young adult women; early diagnosis and treatment, and adherence to remission periods to prevent relapse, are crucial for preserving neurological function.

Cutting-edge high-precision diagnostic and treatment technologies

Oxtuzumab β : Betuzumab® is a domestically produced third-generation CD20 monoclonal antibody. It was approved for marketing by the NMPA in February 2026. The Phase III study showed that the risk of relapse in AQP4-IgG positive patients was reduced by 97.9% compared with placebo, with an annualized relapse rate of only 0.025 times/person-year. The results were published in Nature Medicine.
Inelizumab : The world's first CD19-targeting B-cell depletion agent, approved in China in March 2022 for the treatment of adult NMOSD with anti-AQP4 antibody positivity, continuously reducing the relapse rate, and included in the National Reimbursement Drug List in 2023.
Eculizumab : Approved in China in October 2023 for the treatment of AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD in adults. It is currently the only approved complement C5 inhibitor in China, which blocks optic nerve and spinal cord inflammation caused by terminal complement cascade.
Saturizumab : Approved in China in April 2021 for AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD in children ≥12 years old. It is a subcutaneous anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody that inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways from the source and reduces the risk of relapse.
Relizumab : A long-acting complement C5 inhibitor is undergoing a Phase IIIb clinical trial in China for adult NMOSD, which further improves the convenience of long-term

Care Overview

Myelitis spectrum disorders (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder NMOSD, etc.) Treatment in China

The medical team will develop a personalized protocol based on the pathology type, stage, genetic test, previous treatment history, and the patient's physical condition.

1. AQP4 antibody stratification : Serum AQP4-IgG detection is used as the core basis for diagnosis and treatment stratification. Those who test negative are further tested for MOG-IgG, which enables precise selection of targeted drugs and follow-up strategies.
2. Hormone pulse therapy : In the acute phase, administer high-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy. For severe cases or those with poor response, combine with early plasma exchange/immunoadsorption to rapidly remove pathogenic autoantibodies from circulation.
3. Long-term immunization during remission : AQP4-positive patients should start targeted immunotherapy during remission immediately after diagnosis and take medication regularly for a long period of time to prevent relapse and delay the progression of optic nerve atrophy and spinal cord lesions.
4. Multidisciplinary collaboration : The neurology department, together with ophthalmology, radiology, rehabilitation and psychology teams, conducts integrated assessment and rehabilitation for long segmental myelitis, optic neuritis and symptoms of the extreme zone.
5. Domestic drugs included in medical insurance : Inelizumab has been included in the national medical insurance catalog, and the first domestic NMOSD new drug, Beta-Cyclon, has been launched

1. Precise Targeting to Reduce Relapse : Precise intervention targeting the AQP4 pathogenic pathway and key links of B cells, complement, and IL-6 significantly reduces the annual relapse rate and disabling attacks.
2. Acute phase reduction : Hormone pulse therapy combined with plasma exchange/immunoadsorption can rapidly control acute attacks and reduce irreversible damage to the optic nerve and spinal cord.
3. Protect visual muscle strength : Standardized targeted therapy during remission can slow the progression of disabilities such as blindness and paraplegia, and help patients maintain their ability to work and live daily life.
4. High accessibility of domestically produced drugs : The first domestically produced NMOSD drug, Bejexin®, was launched and promoted medical insurance coverage, breaking the bottleneck of high prices of imported drugs and making it affordable and accessible to more patients.
5. Benefits of comprehensive management : From antibody typing and acute phase treatment to relapse prevention and rehabilitation follow-up during the remission phase, a closed-loop management system is formed to improve long-term quality of life.

Network of partner hospitals

Recommended Hospitals

Selected leading medical centers with strong specialties and international patient services.

Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

Beijing · Partner Hospital

Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

RehabilitationOrgan TransplantRare & Complex DiseasesOncologyGastroenterologyNeurologyUrologyInternal MedicineSurgeryHepatobiliaryOrthopedicsObstetrics & GynecologyENTCosmetic Surgery

In the ranking of Chinese hospitals released by the Fudan University Hospital Management Institute, Peking Union Medical College Hospital has topped the comprehensive ranking for more than ten consecutive years, and has twice ranked first in the national performance evaluation of tertiary public hospitals. Among the 42 specialties covered in the comprehensive specialty ranking, 28 of Peking Union Medical College Hospital's specialties are ranked in the top 10. Nine specialties, including pathology, rheumatology, obstetrics and gynecology, general surgery, neurology, nuclear medicine, emergency medicine, critical care medicine, and allergy, rank first in the country; several specialties, including radiology, anesthesiology, endocrinology, laboratory medicine, ultrasound medicine, and gastroenterology, rank second in the country. The hospital is a national center for the diagnosis and treatment of complex, critical, and rare diseases designated by the National Health Commission, a national demonstration base for higher medical education and standardized residency training, and a national core base for clinical medical research and technological innovation.

Year Founded: 1921
Beds: 3000

Beijing · Partner Hospital

China-Japan Friendship Hospital

RehabilitationOrgan TransplantRare & Complex DiseasesInternal Medicine

China-Japan Friendship Hospital is a national center for respiratory medicine, a national center for integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, a national center for telemedicine and internet medicine, a national clinical research center for respiratory diseases, a national telemedicine and training center, and the supporting unit of the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Smoking Cessation and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases. The hospital is a national pilot hospital for high-quality development and a national pilot hospital for clinical research. It boasts 2 National Masters of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 3 National Renowned Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners, 5 Qihuang Scholars, and 9 Capital National Masters of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In the fields of intractable diseases, critical illnesses, and rare diseases, it ranks 5th nationwide according to the Fudan University rankings.

Year Founded: 1984
Beds: 400

Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University

Shanghai · Partner Hospital

Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University

RehabilitationOrgan TransplantRare & Complex DiseasesNeurologyInternal MedicineOrthopedicsDermatology

The hospital is responsible for the construction of three national-level medical centers: the National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, the National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, and the National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases. It is also the National Quality Control Center for Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (under construction). It boasts 20 national key clinical specialties designated by the Ministry of Health, 10 national key disciplines designated by the Ministry of Education, and 2 national key laboratories. Its national examination scores of A++ rank it among the top tier nationwide, making it one of the most renowned and internationally-oriented medical, educational, and research centers in China.

Year Founded: 1907
Beds: 3142

West China Hospital of Sichuan University

Chengdu · Partner Hospital

West China Hospital of Sichuan University

RehabilitationOrgan TransplantRare & Complex DiseasesOncologyGastroenterologyCardio-CerebrovascularNeurologyUrologyInternal MedicineSurgeryThoracicHepatobiliaryOrthopedics

The hospital is among the first batch of national medical center construction units and a pilot hospital for high-quality development jointly built by the national and provincial governments. It has established a national medical center for mental illness and two national regional medical centers. The hospital has 43 national key clinical specialties, ranking first among hospitals in China; its clinical medicine ESI ranking is in the top 0.252‰ globally. In the Fudan University version of the China Hospital Ranking, the hospital's comprehensive strength has ranked among the top three in China for many consecutive years (ranking second in the country for 11 consecutive years). Its anesthesiology department ranks first in the country, and many other specialties such as radiology, pathology, urology, ultrasound medicine, and geriatrics are among the top in the country. More than 10 specialties in the hospital are ranked among the top three in the country, and nearly 30 specialties are ranked among the top ten in the country.

Year Founded: 1982
Beds: 4900

The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University

Urumqi · Partner Hospital

The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University

Rare & Complex Diseases

The hospital is a national Grade III Class A comprehensive hospital and the First Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University. It consistently ranks first in the Northwest region of the Fudan University China Hospital Rankings. Its departments of echinococcosis surgery, cardiovascular medicine, orthopedics, and respiratory medicine have significant national influence. The hospital is a global leader in the prevention and treatment of echinococcosis (hydatid cancer) and autologous liver transplantation. It is the head unit of the National Echinococcosis Supervision Expert Group, has established Xinjiang's first brain-computer interface ward, and is a core unit in the construction of the National Regional Medical Center.

Year Founded: 1956
Beds: 2970

Leading Specialists

Trusted Expertise Across Leading Specialties

Wanping

Associate Chief Physician, Liver Surgery Expert at Renji Hospital.

Rare & Complex Diseases

Research Areas : Pediatric liver transplantation, Kasai procedure for biliary atresia, and complex liver tumor resection, among other pediatric liver surgeries. Cutting-Edge Techniques: Proficient in the surgical treatment of pediatric liver diseases such as biliary atresia, inherited metabolic diseases, cholestasis, and hepatoblastoma, having treated over 1700 cases of various pediatric liver diseases and rare diseases; as a core member of the team, systematically conducting liver transplantation surgery

Affiliated Hospital West China Hospital of Sichuan University

Wu Yu

Chief Physician, Doctoral Supervisor, specializing in rare hematological diseases

Rare & Complex Diseases

Research areas : rare hematological diseases, hereditary hemolytic diseases, systemic amyloidosis - Cutting-edge technologies: Stratified treatment for systemic amyloidosis, molecular diagnostics for complex hematological and rare diseases. - Areas of expertise: Systemic AL amyloidosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, hereditary platelet disorders - Academic Highlights: Core expert in multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of amyloidosis in China; Core Value: Establishment of individualized drug a

Affiliated Hospital West China Hospital of Sichuan University

Zhang Shuyang

President of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and concurrently Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Chief Physician, Dr., and Doctoral Supervisor

Rare & Complex Diseases

Deputy Director of the State Key Laboratory of Rare and Complex Diseases; National Health Commission Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Expert, State Council Special Government Allowance Expert, and Changjiang Scholar Dr. appointed by the Ministry of Education. Currently serves as Chairman of the Rare Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Chairman of the Rare Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Guarantee Committee of the National Health Commission, Director of the National Rare Disease Qualit

Affiliated Hospital Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

Shen Min

Doctor of Medicine, Director of the Department of Rare Diseases, Chief Physician of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dr., and Doctoral Supervisor at Peking Union Medical College Hospital.

Rare & Complex DiseasesInternal Medicine

Visiting Scholar at the University of California, San Francisco, and Visiting Researcher in Rheumatology and Immunology at the Cleveland Clinic. Editorial Board Member of the *Chinese Journal of Clinical Immunology and Allergy*, *Chinese Journal of General Practitioners*, and *Peking Union Medical College Journal*. Vice Chairman of the Immunodeficiency Monitoring and Translation Professional Committee of the China Association for the Promotion of Human Health Science and Technology; Standing Committee Mem

Affiliated Hospital Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

Zhang Guojun

Chief Physician, Dr., and Doctoral Supervisor. Currently serves as Director of the Neurology Center, Epilepsy Center, Rare Disease Center, and Neurological Diseases and Cognitive Research Laboratory at the National Children's Medical Center and Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University.

NeurologyRare & Complex Diseases

Has extensive clinical experience in the surgical treatment of functional neurosurgical diseases, especially refractory epilepsy, and has long been engaged in research on the pathogenesis and intervention strategies of epilepsy and cognitive developmental disorders. Graduated from the Department of Medicine, Hebei Medical University in 1989, and received a Ph.D. in Surgery (Neurosurgery) from Capital Medical University in 2003. Has undertaken more than ten national and provincial-level research projects a

Affiliated Hospital Beijing Children's Hospital (School of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center), Capital Medical University

Patient Stories

See the Next Step Through Patient Journeys

Adult Still's Disease : The End of 120 Days of

CASE 01

PATIENT JOURNEY

Adult Still's Disease : The End of 120 Days of "Unexplained High Fever": How a British Pilot Regains His Career in China

Rare & Complex Diseases

Patient records Name: James (pseudonym) Age: 35 Nationality: British Diagnosis: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), characterized by a triad of high fever, rash, and arthritis, accompanied by severe ferritinemia. Treatment Hospital: Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine For a pilot, any undiagnosed illness means the end of his career. James' nightmare began with what seemed like a common cold, but turned into a 120-day ord

View case details →

IgG4-related disease (involving the pancreas, submandibular gland, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes) - Two years shrouded in

CASE 02

PATIENT JOURNEY

IgG4-related disease (involving the pancreas, submandibular gland, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes) - Two years shrouded in "tumor": How a Canadian patient overturned a wrong diagnosis in China.

Rare & Complex Diseases

Patient records Name: Margaret (pseudonym) Age: 61 Nationality: Canadian Diagnosis: IgG4-related disease (involving the pancreas, submandibular gland, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes), previously misdiagnosed as pancreatic cancer. Treatment Hospital: Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Case Theme: In the world of intractable diseases, the most agonizing part is often not the treatment itself, but the journey further and further down the path of treatment with a

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Service Process

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01
Pre-Visit Services
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02
Remote Consultations
A remote consultation helps establish an initial approach to diagnosis and treatment, with a cost estimate available within 48 hours.
03
Travel Arrangements
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Comprehensive Support in China
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05
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We assist with notarisation of medical expense documents, airport drop-off, organisation and translation of medical records, remote rehabilitation guidance, and coordination of international referrals.

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Myelitis spectrum disorders (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder NMOSD, etc.)Treatment in China

Myelitis spectrum disorders (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder NMOSD, etc.) Treatment in China

Recommended Hospitals

Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

China-Japan Friendship Hospital

Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University

West China Hospital of Sichuan University

The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University

Trusted Expertise Across Leading Specialties

Wanping

Wu Yu

Zhang Shuyang

Shen Min

Zhang Guojun

See the Next Step Through Patient Journeys

Adult Still's Disease : The End of 120 Days of "Unexplained High Fever": How a British Pilot Regains His Career in China

IgG4-related disease (involving the pancreas, submandibular gland, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes) - Two years shrouded in "tumor": How a Canadian patient overturned a wrong diagnosis in China.

A clear, coordinated process for efficient cross-border care

Pre-Visit Services

Remote Consultations

Travel Arrangements

Comprehensive Support in China

Post-Visit Services

Get a Care Planand Cost Estimate.

Get a Care Plan and Estimate

Myelitis spectrum disorders (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder NMOSD, etc.)
Treatment in China

Get a Care Plan
and Cost Estimate.