Surgical Oncology

Surgical oncology improves local tumor control and survival through radical or debulking surgeries combined with comprehensive perioperative treatment. Treatment emphasizes resectability assessment, staging, pathological sampling, multidisciplinary discussions, and functional preservation and reconstruction. For early-stage solid tumors, surgery is often a crucial curative measure; for locally advanced patients, neoadjuvant therapy may be considered before assessing surgical options. Preoperatively, nutrition, cardiopulmonary function, blood glucose, and anemia should be optimized. Postoperatively, attention should be paid to bleeding, infection, thrombosis, anastomotic leakage, and functional recovery. If distant metastasis is present, physical condition is poor, or vital organ reserves are insufficient, the benefits of surgery may be limited, and a combination of systemic and palliative treatment strategies should be employed. Long-term follow-up requires monitoring for recurrence and metastasis, lymphedema, chronic pain, and nutritional and metabolic problems.